Just a few good Article Contest images I discovered:
IMG_0740AB Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) from 1400 to 1455. Florence.Retable of the Holy Trinity. Deposition from the Cross.
Image by jean louis mazieres
Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) 1400-1455. Florence.Retable de la Sainte Trinité. Déposition de Croix.
Le Couronnement est de Lorenzo Monaco 1370-1435. Noli Me Tangere. Résurrection. Les Femmes au Sépulcre. 1432.
Florence. Museo di San Marco.
Fra Angelico (Guido di Pietro) from 1400 to 1455. Florence.Retable of the Holy Trinity. Deposition from the Cross.
The Coronation of Lorenzo Monaco from 1370 to 1435. Noli Me Tangere. Resurrection. Women on the Sepulcher. 1432.
Florence. Museo di San Marco.
L’ART ET LE BEAU
Pendant des millénaires, en Europe, et dans toutes les civilisations, "le Beau" a été un however et un critère de l’Art, notamment en peinture.
1° Le Beau était le however poursuivi par l’artiste quand il peignait un tableau. De l’époque médiévale à l’Art Moderne, l’artiste a toujours eu pour finalité le Beau. Même quand il entendait peindre une state of affairs dramatique, ou horrible comme les événements de la ardour du Christ (Retable d’Issenheim) ou l’Enfer ( Bouts, Bosch). Même quand il a entendu peindre les horreurs de la guerre, comme Jacques Callot, Goya ou Otto Dix.
2° Le Beau était reconnu comme tel par consensus.
Comme l’a écrit Mikel Dufrenne dans un article de l’encyclopédie Universalis, le Beau est défini par trois critères que l’on dira objectifs : L’opinion des élites, l’opinion commune de la inhabitants, le temps..
Une excellente définition, pratique, pragmatique, qui ne se noie pas dans les ideas abstraits, la recherche d’une Essence du Beau, et utilise un langage parfaitement compréhensible.
Ces définitions laissent bien sûr la place à l’opinion individuelle et aux goûts de chacun. Comme l’a écrit aussi Mikel Dufrenne dans le même article : "L’œuvre d’art s’impose avec la force de l’évidence, pour le bonheur de qui la contemple."
C’est un quatrième critère, plus subjectif, qui varie en fonction des individus. Telle oeuvre peut procurer du bonheur à telle personne, et pas, ou moins, à telle autre. Mais d’une half le however essentiel de l’artiste était de procurer un bonheur à son public, et ce bonheur était ressenti par une majorité d’hommes de milieux différents.
L’attitude totalement relativiste qui consiste à dire qu’il n’y a pas de critère du Beau, et que tout est affaire de goût personnel, est fausse, par excès, et par méconnaissance des réalités historiques établies. Le Beau est un fait d’expérience. Le Beau est un sentiment de satisfaction, partagé par une giant fraction d’une société, et confirmé par le temps.
Ce qui a changé avec l’Art Contemporain, progressivement, mais très nettement à partir des années 1950, c’est que le Beau n’a plus été un however de l’artwork. Le Laid a même été revendiqué comme une recherche légitime de l’artwork.
Comme le constate très réalistement l’historien d’artwork Ernst Gombrich, l’artwork est devenu "une aventure aux confins de l’impossible et l’art du laid."
L’adhésion idéologique de l’Art Contemporain au Laid est un constat banal, qui a été fait de multiples fois, et qui a été pleinement revendiqué par tous ses théoriciens.
Le critique d’artwork Michel Tapié (1909-1987) constate dans les années 1950-60 que "l’Art Moderne -entendez Art Contemporain- est né le jour où l’idée d’Art et celle de Beauté se sont trouvées disjointes." Il ne critique pas cette disjonction, bien au contraire il la constate et la justifie. "nous avons changé de valeurs".
Cela ne veut pas dire que cela a été pour le mieux ! Il est très significatif que toute l’Europe des Musées distingue les Musées des "Beaux Arts" des "Musées d’Art Contemporain". C’est l’officialisation du divorce de l’Art et du Beau.
Certains critiques commencent à contester vivement l’Art Contemporain officiel. Celui exposé dans les musées. L’Art d’Etat.
Jean Louis Harrouel a proposé une analyse très pertinente, pleine de bon sens, politiquement, économiquement et idéologiquement très fondée de l’Art Contemporain dans son ouvrage "L’Art contemporain, la Grande Falsification". ( Jean Cyrille Godefroy 2009)
En 1999 Jean Monneret avait déjà écrit : « L’art contemporain ? Tous les artistes vivants font partie de l’artwork contemporain. Ce sont les artistes qui font l’artwork. Tous les artistes. Librement !
Or, l’État veut faire croire au public qu’il n’y a qu’un artwork digne d’intérêt, l’artwork dit « contemporain », c’est-à-dire l’artwork d’État. En artwork dit « contemporain », moins il y a à voir, plus il y a à dire ! Dans une exposition d’artwork contemporain, une gaine d’aération, le matériel de secours ou le carrelage des sanitaires se confondent souvent avec les œuvres présentées. La query alors est, où est l’œuvre ? Tant l’harmonie est parfaite entre le contenant et le contenu.
En réalité, l’artwork d’État écarte arbitrairement l’artwork des meilleurs artistes. La démocratie exigerait que l’État, soucieux de l’argent du contribuable, rendît compte de la réalité contemporaine dans toute sa diversité, sans exclusion…"
A la différence de Jean Monneret je n’accuserai pas seulement l’Etat, ou ses fonctionnaires, qui sont, pour la plupart, tout à fait manipulés par plus idéologues et plus puissants qu’eux. Ces décideurs apparents ne font que se conformer à un artistiquement right dont la supply est ailleurs, bien plus haut et bien plus secrète. Ce pourquoi je préfère dire que l’Art Contemporain des musées est un Art Académique ou Officiel.
ART AND BEAUTIFUL
For millennia, in Europe, and in all civilizations, "the Beautiful" was a objective and a criterion of artwork, notably portray.
1 The Beautiful was the goal pursued by the artist when he painted an image. From medieval occasions to Modern Art, the artist has allways had intented the Beautiful. Even when he supposed to color a dramatic state of affairs, or horrible, because the occasions of the Passion of Christ (Issenheim Altarpiece) or Hell (Bouts, Bosch). Even when he heard paint the horrors of conflict, as Jacques Callot, Goya and Otto Dix.
2. The Beautiful was acknowledged as such by consensus.
As Mikel Dufrenne wrote in an article within the Encyclopedia Universalis, the Beau is outlined by three standards targets: The opinion of elites, the frequent opinion of the inhabitants, the time.
An glorious definition, sensible, pragmatic, that doesn’t drown in summary ideas, the seek for an Essence of Beauty, and makes use of an comprehensible language.
These definitions depart the course as much as the person opinion and tastes. As written additionally Mikel Dufrenne in the identical article: "The work of art is imposed on all, with the strength of the evidence, to the delight of the beholder." It is a fourth criterion, extra subjective, which varies relying on people. Such work can convey happiness to such an individual, and never, or much less, to a different. But firstly, the first goal of the artist was to supply happiness to his viewers, and this happiness was felt by a majority of males of various backgrounds.
The totally relativistic perspective of claiming that there isn’t any criterion of Beautiful, and that the whole lot is matter of private style, is fake, by extra and by ignorance of the established historic realities. The Beautiful is a truth of expertise. The Beautiful is a sense of satisfaction, shared by a big part of society, and confirmed by time.
What has modified with the Contemporary Art, regularly, however very clearly from the Fifties is that Beautiful was not a function of artwork. The Ugly has even been claimed as a professional pursuit of artwork.
As famous very lifelike artwork historian, Ernst Gombrich, the artwork has change into "an adventure to the borders of the impossible and the art of the ugly."
The ideological accession of Contemporary Art on the Ugly is a banal remark, which was carried out a number of occasions, and has been totally claimed by its theorists.
The artwork critic Michel Tapié (1909-1987) notes that in 1950-60 "Contemporary Art is born on the day when the idea of Art and that of the beauty found disjointed." He doesn’t criticize this disjunction, quite the opposite he finds and justifies it. "We have changed values."
This is to not say that it was for one of the best! It may be very important that every one of Europe Museum distinguishes between Museums of the "Beaux Arts" of the "Museum of Contemporary Art". This is the formalization of the divorce between the Art and the Beautiful.
Some critics are starting to strongly contest the official Contemporary Art. The one exhibited within the museums. The Art of State..
Jean Louis Harrouel has proposed a really pertinent evaluation, full of frequent sense, politically, economically and ideologically very based of Contemporary Art in his ebook "Contemporary Art, Great Falsification". (Jean Cyril Godefroy 2009)
In 1999 Jean Monneret had already written: "Contemporary artwork? All dwelling artists are a part of the Contemporary Art. These are the artists who make artwork. All the artists. Freely!
But the State desires to imagine to the general public that there it has solely an artwork, worthy of curiosity, the artwork says "Contemporary", that’s to say, the State Art. In artwork known as "Contemporary", the much less there may be to see, the extra there may be to say!
In a recent artwork exhibition, a air flow duct, emergency gear or tile sanitary usually merge with the works introduced. The query then is, the place is the work? As is ideal concord between the container and the content material.
In actuality, the artwork of State departs arbitrarily the artwork of one of the best artists. Democracy would require the State acutely aware of thetaxpayers’ cash, ought to render account of latest actuality in all its range, with out exclusion … "
Contrary to Jean Monneret I don’t simply accuse the State or its officers, who’re fully manipulated by ideologues and extra highly effective than they. These obvious determination makers adhere solely to an ideology of the Artistically Correct whose supply can be a lot larger and extra secret. That why I want to say that the up to date artwork museum is an Academic Art, or Official Art.
USS Lexington (CV-2), Aircraft Carrier
Image by photolibrarian
Note how the communication antennas have obscured within the picture.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"CC-1" redirects right here. For different makes use of, see CC1 (disambiguation).
For different ships of the identical identify, see USS Lexington.
USS Lexington (CV-2) leaving San Diego on 14 October 1941.jpg
Aerial view of Lexington on 14 October 1941
History
United States
Name: USS Lexington
Namesake: Battle of Lexington
Ordered:
1916 (as battlecruiser)
1922 (as plane service)
Builder: Fore River Ship and Engine Building Co., Quincy, Massachusetts
Laid down: 8 January 1921
Launched: 3 October 1925
Christened: Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson
Commissioned: 14 December 1927
Reclassified: As plane service, 1 July 1922
Struck: 24 June 1942
Identification: Hull quantity: CC-1, then CV-2
Nickname(s): "Lady Lex"
Fate: Sunk throughout the Battle of the Coral Sea, 8 May 1942
General traits (as constructed)
Class & sort: Lexington-class plane service
Displacement:
36,000 lengthy tons (37,000 t) (commonplace)
47,700 lengthy tons (48,500 t) (deep load)
Length: 888 ft (270.7 m)
Beam: 107 ft 6 in (32.8 m)
Draft: 32 ft 6 in (9.9 m) (deep load)
Installed energy: 180,000 shp (130,000 kW)
Propulsion:
4 shafts, 4 units turbo-electric drive
16 water-tube boilers
Speed: 33.25 knots (61.58 km/h; 38.26 mph)
Range: 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement: 2,791 (together with aviation personnel) in 1942
Armament:
4 × 2 – 8-inch weapons
12 × 1 – 5-inch anti-aircraft weapons
Armor:
Belt: 5–7 in (127–178 mm)
Deck: .75–2 in (19–51 mm)
Gun turrets: .75 in (19 mm)
Bulkheads: 5–7 in (127–178 mm)
Aircraft carried: 78
Aviation amenities: 1 Aircraft catapult
USS Lexington (CV-2), nicknamed "Lady Lex",[1] was an early plane service constructed for the United States Navy. She was the lead ship of the Lexington class; her solely sister ship, Saratoga, was commissioned a month earlier. Originally designed as a battlecruiser, she was transformed into one of many Navy’s first plane carriers throughout building to adjust to the phrases of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which primarily terminated all new battleship and battlecruiser building. The ship entered service in 1928 and was assigned to the Pacific Fleet for her complete profession. Lexington and Saratoga have been used to develop and refine service techniques in a sequence of annual workout routines earlier than World War II. On a couple of event these included efficiently staged shock assaults on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The ship’s turbo-electric propulsion system allowed her to complement {the electrical} provide of Tacoma, Washington, throughout a drought in late 1929 to early 1930. She additionally delivered medical personnel and reduction provides to Managua, Nicaragua, after an earthquake in 1931.
Lexington was at sea when the Pacific War started on 7 December 1941, ferrying fighter plane to Midway Island. Her mission was cancelled and he or she returned to Pearl Harbor every week later. After a number of days, she was despatched to create a diversion from the drive en route to alleviate the besieged Wake Island garrison by attacking Japanese installations within the Marshall Islands. The island was pressured to give up earlier than the reduction drive obtained shut sufficient, and the mission was cancelled. A deliberate assault on Wake Island in January 1942 needed to be cancelled when a submarine sank the oiler required to produce the gas for the return journey. Lexington was despatched to the Coral Sea the next month to dam any Japanese advances into the realm. The ship was noticed by Japanese search plane whereas approaching Rabaul, New Britain, and her plane shot down many of the Japanese bombers that attacked her. Together with the service Yorktown, she efficiently attacked Japanese transport off the east coast of New Guinea in early March.
Lexington was briefly refitted in Pearl Harbor on the finish of the month and rendezvoused with Yorktown within the Coral Sea in early May. Just a few days later the Japanese started Operation Mo, the invasion of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, and the 2 American carriers tried to cease the invasion forces. They sank the sunshine plane service Shōhō on 7 May throughout the Battle of the Coral Sea, however didn’t encounter the principle Japanese drive of the carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku till the following day. Aircraft from Lexington and Yorktown succeeded in badly damaging Shōkaku, however the Japanese plane crippled Lexington. Vapors from leaking aviation gasoline tanks sparked a sequence of explosions and fires that would not be managed, and Lexington needed to be scuttled by an American destroyer throughout the night of 8 May to stop her seize.
Contents
1 Design and building
1.1 Flight deck preparations
1.2 Propulsion
1.3 Armament
1.4 Fire management and electronics
1.5 Armor
2 Service historical past
2.1 World War II
2.1.1 Attempted raid on Rabaul
2.1.2 Lae-Salamaua Raid
2.1.3 Battle of the Coral Sea
2.1.3.1 Preliminary actions
2.1.3.2 8 May
3 Honors and legacy
3.1 Awards and Decorations
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External hyperlinks
Design and building
Lexington starting the transit from her builder at Quincy to Boston Navy Yard in January 1928
Lexington was the fourth US Navy ship named after the 1775 Battle of Lexington, the primary battle of the Revolutionary War.[2] She was initially approved in 1916 as a Lexington-class battlecruiser, however building was delayed in order that higher-priority anti-submarine vessels and service provider ships, wanted to make sure the protected passage of personnel and materiel to Europe throughout Germany’s U-boat marketing campaign, may very well be constructed. After the conflict the ship was extensively redesigned, partially because of British expertise.[3] Given the hull variety of CC-1, Lexington was laid down on 8 January 1921 by Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, Massachusetts.[2]
Before the Washington Naval Conference concluded, the ship’s building was suspended in February 1922,[4] when she was 24.2 p.c full.[5] She was re-designated and re-authorized as an plane service on 1 July 1922.[2] Her displacement was diminished by a complete of 4,000 lengthy tons (4,100 t), achieved primarily by the elimination of her essential armament of eight 16-inch (406 mm) weapons in 4 twin turrets (together with their heavy turret mounts, their armor, and different gear).[6][7] The essential armor belt was retained, however was diminished in top to avoid wasting weight.[8] The common line of the hull remained unaltered, as did the torpedo safety system, as a result of they’d already been constructed, and it might have been too costly to change them.[9]
The ship had an total size of 888 toes (270.7 m), a beam of 106 toes (32.3 m), and a draft of 30 toes 5 inches (9.3 m) at deep load. Lexington had a typical displacement of 36,000 lengthy tons (36,578 t) and 43,056 lengthy tons (43,747 t) at deep load. At that displacement, she had a metacentric top of seven.31 toes (2.2 m).[6]
Christened by Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson, the spouse of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Lexington was launched on 3 October 1925. She was commissioned on 14 December 1927 with Captain Albert Marshall in command.[2] By 1942, the ship had a crew of 100 officers and 1,840 enlisted males and an aviation group totaling 141 officers and 710 enlisted males.[6]
Flight deck preparations
Lexington’s ship’s insignia
The ship’s flight deck was 866 toes 2 inches (264.01 m) lengthy and had a most width of 105 toes 11 inches (32.28 m).[6] When constructed, her hangar "was the largest single enclosed space afloat on any ship"[10] and had an space of 33,528 sq. toes (3,114.9 m2). It was 424 toes (129.2 m) lengthy and 68 toes (20.7 m) huge. Its minimal top was 21 toes (6.4 m), and it was divided by a single hearth curtain simply ahead of the aft plane elevator. Aircraft restore outlets, 108 toes (32.9 m) lengthy, have been aft of the hangar, and under them was a cupboard space for disassembled plane, 128 toes (39.0 m) lengthy. Lexington was fitted with two hydraulically powered elevators on her centerline. The ahead elevator’s dimensions have been 30 by 60 toes (9.1 m × 18.3 m) and it had a capability of 16,000 kilos (7,300 kg). The aft elevator had a capability of solely 6,000 kilos (2,700 kg) and measured 30 by 36 toes (9.1 m × 11.0 m).[10] Avgas was saved in eight compartments of the torpedo safety system, and their capability has been quoted as both 132,264 US gallons (500,670 l; 110,133 imp gal) or 163,000 US gallons (620,000 l; 136,000 imp gal).[11]
Lexington was initially fitted with electrically operated arresting gear designed by Carl Norden that used each fore-and-aft and transverse wires. The longitudinal wires have been supposed to stop plane from being blown over the facet of the ship whereas the transverse wires slowed them to a cease. This system was approved to get replaced by the hydraulically operated Mk 2 system, with out longitudinal wires, on 11 August 1931. Four improved Mk 3 models have been added in 1934, giving the ship a complete of eight arresting wires and 4 limitations supposed to stop plane from crashing into parked plane on the ship’s bow. After the ahead flight deck was widened in 1936, an extra eight wires have been added there to permit plane to land over the bow if the touchdown space on the stern was broken.[12] The ship was constructed with a 155-foot (47.2 m), flywheel-powered, F Mk II plane catapult, additionally designed by Norden, on the starboard facet of the bow.[6][10] This catapult was robust sufficient to launch a ten,000-pound (4,500 kg) plane at a pace of 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph). It was supposed to launch seaplanes, however was hardly ever used; a 1931 report tallied solely 5 launches of follow masses because the ship had been commissioned. It was eliminated throughout the ship’s 1936 refit.[13]
Lexington was designed to hold 78 plane, together with 36 bombers,[14] however these numbers elevated as soon as the Navy adopted the follow of tying up spare plane within the unused areas on the high of the hangar.[15] In 1936, her air group consisted of 18 Grumman F2F-1 and 18 Boeing F4B-4 fighters, plus an extra 9 F2Fs in reserve. Offensive punch was supplied by 20 Vought SBU Corsair dive bombers with 10 spare plane and 18 Great Lakes BG torpedo bombers with 9 spares. Miscellaneous plane included two Grumman JF Duck amphibians, plus one in reserve, and three energetic and one spare Vought O2U Corsair remark plane. This amounted to 79 plane, plus 30 spares.[6]
Propulsion
The Lexington-class carriers used turbo-electric propulsion; every of the 4 propeller shafts was pushed by two 22,500-shaft-horsepower (16,800 kW) electrical motors. They have been powered by 4 General Electric turbo mills rated at 35,200 kilowatts (47,200 hp). Steam for the mills was supplied by sixteen Yarrow boilers, every in its personal particular person compartment.[16] Six 750-kilowatt (1,010 hp) electrical mills have been put in within the higher ranges of the 2 essential turbine compartments to supply energy to fulfill the ship’s lodge load (minimal electrical) necessities.[17]
The ship was designed to achieve 33.25 knots (61.58 km/h; 38.26 mph),[6] however Lexington achieved 34.59 knots (64.06 km/h; 39.81 mph) from 202,973 shp (151,357 kW) throughout sea trials in 1928.[16] She carried a most of 6,688 lengthy tons (6,795 t) of gas oil, however solely 5,400 lengthy tons (5,500 t) of that was usable, as the remainder needed to be retained as ballast within the port gas tanks to offset the burden of the island and essential weapons.[18] Designed for a variety of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a pace of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph),[6] the ship demonstrated a variety of 9,910 nmi (18,350 km; 11,400 mi) at a pace of 10.7 knots (19.8 km/h; 12.3 mph) with 4,540 lengthy tons (4,610 t) of oil.[18]
Armament
Lexington firing her eight-inch weapons, 1928
The Navy’s Bureau of Construction and Repair was not satisfied when the category was being designed that plane might successfully substitute as armament for a warship, particularly at night time or in unhealthy climate that will forestall air operations.[19] Thus the carriers’ design included a considerable gun battery of eight 55-caliber Mk 9 eight-inch weapons in 4 twin gun turrets. These turrets have been mounted above the flight deck on the starboard facet, two earlier than the superstructure, and two behind the funnel, numbered I to IV from bow to stern.[20] In idea the weapons might hearth to each side, however it’s possible that in the event that they have been fired to port (throughout the deck) the blast would have broken the flight deck.[21] They may very well be depressed to −5° and elevated to +41°.[22]
The ship’s heavy anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of twelve 25-caliber Mk 10 five-inch weapons which have been mounted on single mounts, three every fitted on sponsons on all sides of the bow and stern.[23] No mild AA weapons have been initially mounted on Lexington, however two sextuple .30-caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun mounts have been put in in 1929.[24] They have been unsuccessful and have been changed by two .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine weapons by 1931, one every on the roof of the superfiring eight-inch turrets. During a refit in 1935, platforms mounting 4 .50-caliber machine weapons have been put in on every nook of the ship, and an extra platform was put in that wrapped across the funnel. Six machine weapons have been mounted on all sides of this final platform. In October 1940, 4 50-caliber Mk 10 three-inch AA weapons have been put in within the nook platforms; they changed two of the .50-caliber machine weapons which have been remounted on the tops of the eight-inch gun turrets. Another three-inch gun was added on the roof of the deckhouse between the funnel and the island. These weapons have been simply interim weapons till the quadruple 1.1-inch gun mount may very well be fielded, which occurred in August 1941.[25]
In March 1942, Lexington’s eight-inch turrets have been eliminated at Pearl Harbor and changed by seven quadruple 1.1-inch gun mounts. In addition 22 Oerlikon 20 mm cannon have been put in, six in a brand new platform on the base of the funnel, 12 within the positions previously occupied by the ship’s boats within the sides of the hull, two on the stern and a pair on the aft management high. When the ship was sunk in May 1942, her armament consisted of 12 five-inch, 12 quadruple 1.1-inch, 22 Oerlikons and at the least two dozen .50-caliber machine weapons.[26]
Fire management and electronics
Each eight-inch turret had a Mk 30 rangefinder on the rear of the turret for native management, however they have been usually managed by two Mk 18 fire-control administrators, one every on the fore and aft recognizing tops.[20] A 20-foot (6.1 m) rangefinder was fitted on high of the pilothouse to supply vary data for the administrators.[22] Each group of three five-inch weapons was managed by a Mk 19 director, two of which have been mounted on all sides of the recognizing tops.[23] Lexington acquired a RCA CXAM-1 radar in June 1941 throughout a quick refit in Pearl Harbor. The antenna was mounted on the ahead lip of the funnel with its management room instantly under the aerial, changing the secondary conning station previously mounted there.[27]
Armor
The waterline belt of the Lexington-class ships tapered 7–5 inches (178–127 mm) in thickness from high to backside and angled 11° outwards on the high. It coated the center 530 toes (161.5 m) of the ships. Forward, the belt led to a bulkhead that additionally tapered from seven to 5 inches in thickness. Aft, it terminated at a seven-inch bulkhead. This belt had a top of 9 toes 4 inches (2.8 m). The third deck over the ships’ equipment and journal was armored with two layers of particular therapy metal (STS) totaling 2 inches (51 mm) in thickness. The steering gear, nevertheless, was protected by two layers of STS that totaled 3 inches (76 mm) on the flat and 4.5 inches (114 mm) on the slope.[28]
The gun turrets have been protected solely in opposition to splinters with .75 inches (19 mm) of armor. The conning tower was 2–2.25 inches (51–57 mm) of STS, and it had a communications tube with two-inch sides operating from the conning tower all the way down to the decrease conning place on the third deck. The torpedo protection system of the Lexington-class ships consisted of three to 6 medium metal protecting bulkheads that ranged from .375 to .75 inches (10 to 19 mm) in thickness. The areas between them may very well be used as gas tanks or left empty to soak up the detonation of a torpedo’s warhead.[28]
Service historical past
Lexington (high) at Puget Sound Navy Yard, alongside Saratoga and Langley in 1929
After becoming out and shakedown cruises, Lexington was transferred to the West Coast of the United States and arrived at San Pedro, California, a part of Los Angeles, on 7 April 1928. She was primarily based there till 1940 and primarily stayed on the West Coast, though she did take part in a number of Fleet Problems (coaching workout routines) within the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.[2] These workout routines examined the Navy’s evolving doctrine and techniques for the usage of carriers. During Fleet Problem IX in January 1929, Lexington and the Scouting Force did not defend the Panama Canal in opposition to an aerial assault launched by her sister ship Saratoga.[29] Future science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein reported aboard on 6 July as a newly minted ensign beneath Captain Frank Berrien.[30] Heinlein skilled his first literary rejection when his brief story a few case of espionage found on the Naval Academy did not win a shipboard writing contest.[31]
In 1929, western Washington state suffered a drought which resulted in low ranges in Lake Cushman that supplied water for Cushman Dam No. 1. The hydro-electric energy generated by this dam was the first supply for town of Tacoma and town requested assist from the federal authorities as soon as the water within the lake receded under the dam’s intakes throughout December. The U.S. Navy despatched Lexington, which had been at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, to Tacoma, and heavy electrical strains have been rigged into town’s energy system. The ship’s mills supplied a complete of 4,520,960 kilowatt hours from 17 December to 16 January 1930 till melting snow and rain introduced the reservoirs as much as the extent wanted to generate enough energy for town.[18] Two months later, she participated in Fleet Problem X, which was performed within the Caribbean. During the train, her plane have been judged to have destroyed the flight decks and all of the plane of the opposing carriers Saratoga and Langley. Fleet Problem XI was held the next month and Saratoga returned the favor, knocking out Lexington’s flight deck for twenty-four hours, simply because the train got here to a climax with a significant floor engagement.[32]
Captain Ernest J. King, who later rose to function the Chief of Naval Operations throughout World War II, assumed command on 20 June 1930. Lexington was assigned, along with Saratoga, to defend the west coast of Panama in opposition to a hypothetical invader throughout Fleet Problem XII in February 1931. While every service was capable of inflict some harm on the invasion convoys, the enemy forces succeeded in making a touchdown. Shortly afterward, all three carriers transferred to the Caribbean to conduct additional maneuvers. The most necessary of those was when Saratoga efficiently defended the Caribbean facet of the Panama Canal from an assault by Lexington. Rear Admiral Joseph M. Reeves baited a lure for King with a destroyer and scored a kill on Lexington on 22 March whereas the latter’s plane have been nonetheless trying to find Saratoga.[33]
Lexington launching Martin T4M torpedo bombers in 1931
On 31 March 1931, Lexington, which had been close to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, was ordered to assist survivors of an earthquake that devastated Managua, Nicaragua.[34] By the next day, the ship was shut sufficient to launch plane carrying provides and medical personnel to Managua.[35] During Grand Joint Exercise No. 4, Lexington and Saratoga have been capable of launch a large airstrike in opposition to Pearl Harbor on Sunday, 7 February 1932 with out being detected. The two carriers have been separated for Fleet Problem XIII which adopted shortly afterward. Lexington was assigned to Black Fleet, defending Hawaii and the West Coast in opposition to Blue Fleet and Saratoga. On 15 March, Lexington caught Saratoga with all of her planes nonetheless on deck and was dominated to have knocked out her flight deck and have badly broken the service, which was subsequently dominated sunk throughout an evening assault by Black Fleet destroyers shortly afterward. Lexington’s plane have been judged to have badly broken two of Blue Fleet’s battleships.[36]
Before Fleet Problem XIV started in February 1933, the Army and the Navy performed a joint train simulating a service assault on Hawaii. Lexington and Saratoga efficiently attacked Pearl Harbor at daybreak on 31 January with out being detected. During the precise fleet downside, the ship tried to assault San Francisco, however was shocked in heavy fog by a number of defending battleships at shut vary and sunk. Fleet Problem XV returned to the Gulf of Panama and the Caribbean in April–May 1934, however the taking part ships of the Pacific Fleet remained within the Caribbean and off the East Coast for extra coaching and maneuvers till they returned to their residence bases in November. Most notably throughout Fleet Problem XVI, April–June 1935, Lexington ran low on gas after 5 days of high-speed steaming and this led to experiments with underway replenishment that later proved important to fight operations throughout the Pacific War. During Fleet Problem XVII in 1936, Lexington and the smaller service Ranger routinely refueled their aircraft guard destroyers.[37]
Admiral Claude C. Bloch restricted Lexington to help of the battleships throughout Fleet Problem XVIII in 1937 and consequently the service was crippled and practically sunk by floor gunfire and torpedoes.[38] The following July, the ship participated within the unsuccessful seek for Amelia Earhart.[39] The 1938 Fleet Problem once more examined the defenses of Hawaii and, once more, plane from Lexington and her sister efficiently attacked Pearl Harbor at daybreak on 29 March. Later within the train, the 2 carriers efficiently attacked San Francisco with out being noticed by the defending fleet. Fleet Problem XX held within the Caribbean in March–April 1939, was the one time earlier than October 1943 that the Navy concentrated 4 carriers (Lexington, Ranger, Yorktown, and Enterprise) collectively for maneuvers. This train additionally noticed the primary makes an attempt to refuel carriers and battleships at sea. During Fleet Problem XXI in 1940, Lexington caught Yorktown abruptly and crippled her, though Yorktown’s plane managed to knock out Lexington’s flight deck. The fleet was ordered to stay in Hawaii after the conclusion of the train in May.[40]
World War II
Admiral Husband Kimmel, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, ordered Task Force (TF) 12—Lexington, three heavy cruisers and 5 destroyers—to depart Pearl Harbor on 5 December 1941 to ferry 18 U.S. Marine Corps Vought SB2U Vindicator dive bombers of VMSB-231 to bolster the bottom at Midway Island.[41] At this time she embarked 65 of her personal plane, together with 17 Brewster F2A Buffalo fighters. On the morning of seven December, the Task Force was about 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) southeast of Midway when it acquired information of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. Several hours later, Rear Admiral John H. Newton, commander of the Task Force, acquired orders that cancelled the ferry mission and ordered him to seek for the Japanese ships whereas rendezvousing with Vice Admiral Wilson Brown’s ships 100 miles (160 km) west of Niihau Island. Captain Frederick Sherman wanted to take care of a steady Combat Air Patrol (CAP) and get well the fuel-starved fighters which have been on patrol. With the Marine plane aboard, Lexington’s flight deck was very congested and he determined to reverse the part of the ship’s electrical propulsion motors and steam full pace astern with a purpose to launch a brand new CAP after which swap again to renew ahead movement to get well his present CAP. This unorthodox motion allowed him to take care of a steady CAP and get well his plane with out the prolonged delay attributable to transferring the plane on the flight deck from the bow to the strict and again to create space accessible for launch and restoration operations. Lexington launched a number of scout planes to seek for the Japanese that day and remained at sea between Johnston Island and Hawaii, reacting to a number of false alerts, till she returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 December.[42] Kimmel had needed to maintain the ships at sea for longer, however difficulties refueling at sea on 11 and 12 December meant that the duty drive was low on gas and was pressured to return to port.[43]
Lexington within the early morning of 8 May 1942, previous to launching her plane throughout the Battle of the Coral Sea
Re-designated as Task Force 11, and bolstered by 4 destroyers, Lexington and her consorts steamed from Pearl Harbor the following day to raid the Japanese base on Jaluit within the Marshall Islands to distract the Japanese from the Wake Island reduction drive led by Saratoga. For this operation, Lexington embarked 21 Buffalos, 32 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers, and 15 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bombers, though not all plane have been operational. Vice Admiral William S. Pye, appearing commander of the Pacific Fleet, canceled the assault on 20 December and ordered the Task Force northwest to cowl the reduction drive. The Japanese, nevertheless, landed on Wake and compelled it to give up on 23 December earlier than Saratoga and her consorts might get there. Pye, reluctant to danger any carriers in opposition to a Japanese drive of unknown power, ordered each process forces to return to Pearl.[44]
Lexington arrived again at Pearl Harbor on 27 December, however was ordered again to sea two days later. She returned on 3 January, needing repairs to one in all her essential mills. It was repaired 4 days later when TF 11 sailed with the service as Brown’s flagship. The Task Force’s mission was to patrol within the path of Johnston Atoll. It was noticed by the submarine I-18 on 9 January and a number of other different submarines have been vectored to intercept the Task Force. Another submarine was noticed on the floor the next morning about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) south of the service by two Buffalos who reported it with out alerting the submarine to their presence. That afternoon it was noticed once more, additional south, by a distinct pair of fighters, and two Devastators carrying depth fees have been vectored to the submarine’s place. They claimed to have broken it earlier than it might totally submerge, however the incident just isn’t talked about in Japanese information. The putative sufferer was most probably I-19, which arrived at Kwajalein Atoll on 15 January. Lexington and her consorts returned to Pearl Harbor on the next day with out additional incident.[45]
Task Force 11 sailed from Pearl Harbor three days later to conduct patrols northeast of Christmas Island. On 21 January, Admiral Chester Nimitz, the brand new commander of the Pacific Fleet, ordered Brown to conduct a diversionary raid on Wake Island on 27 January after refueling from the one accessible tanker, the aged and sluggish oiler Neches en path to Brown. The unescorted tanker was torpedoed and sunk by I-71 23 January, forcing the cancellation of the raid. The process drive arrived again in Pearl two days later. Brown was ordered again to sea on 31 January to escort the quick oiler Neosho to its rendezvous with Halsey’s process drive getting back from its assault on Japanese bases within the Marshall Islands. He was then purported to patrol close to Canton Island to cowl a convoy arriving there on 12 February. The process drive was reconfigured with solely two heavy cruisers and 7 destroyers; the eighteen Grumman F4F Wildcats of VF-3, redeployed from the torpedoed Saratoga, changed VF-2 to permit the latter unit to transform to the Wildcat. One of the Wildcats was severely broken upon touchdown on the service. Nimitz cancelled the rendezvous on 2 February after it grew to become obvious that Halsey didn’t want Neosho’s gas and ordered Brown to proceed to Canton Island. On 6 February, Nimitz ordered him to rendezvous with the ANZAC Squadron within the Coral Sea to stop Japanese advances which may intervene with the sea-lanes connecting Australia and the United States. In addition, he was to guard a troop convoy sure for New Caledonia.[46]
Attempted raid on Rabaul
For extra particulars on this subject, see Action off Bougainville.
The heavy cruiser San Francisco and two destroyers bolstered the duty drive on 10 February and Brown rendezvoused with the ANZAC Squadron six days later. Even after emptying Neosho of her oil there was not sufficient gas for the ANZAC Squadron to affix Brown’s proposed raid on Rabaul they usually have been pressured to stay behind. Brown was bolstered by the heavy cruiser Pensacola and two destroyers on 17 February and tasked these ships to bombard Rabaul along with the assault by Lexington’s plane. While nonetheless some 453 nautical miles (839 km; 521 mi) northeast of Rabaul, the duty drive was noticed by a Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" flying boat on the morning of 20 February. The snooper was detected by Lexington’s radar and was shot down by Lieutenant Commander Jimmy Thach and his wingman, however not earlier than it radioed its spot report. Another H6K was vectored in to verify the primary plane’s report, but it surely was detected and shot down earlier than it might radio its report. Brown’s plan had trusted the component of shock and he canceled the raid, though he determined to proceed towards Rabaul to lure Japanese plane into attacking him.[47]
A Mitsubishi G4M torpedo bomber photographed from Lexington’s flight deck on 20 February 1942
Rear Admiral Eiji Gotō, commander of the twenty fourth Air Flotilla, launched all 17 of his long-range Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty" torpedo bombers, though no torpedoes have been accessible at Rabaul they usually made do with a pair of 250-kilogram (550 lb) bombs apiece. To higher seek for the Americans, the Japanese break up their plane into two teams and Lexington’s radar acquired one in all these at 16:25. At this time, the ship was rotating its CAP plane and the newly launched plane barely had time to achieve the altitude of the Japanese earlier than they arrived. Lexington had 15 totally fueled Wildcats and Dauntlesses on her ahead flight deck that had been moved ahead to permit the CAP fighters to land. They represented a critical hearth hazard, however they might not be launched till all plane on the flight deck have been moved aft. Cognizant of the hazard, the deck crews succeeded in respotting the plane and the fueled plane have been capable of take off earlier than the Japanese attacked.[48] Per Commander Herbert Duckworth, "It was as if some great hand moved all the planes aft simultaneously."[49] Only 4 of the 9 G4Ms within the first wave survived to achieve Lexington, however all of their bombs missed they usually have been all shot down afterward, together with one by a Dauntless. The honors weren’t all one-sided as they shot down two of the defending Wildcats. The second wave of eight bombers was noticed at 16:56, whereas all however two of the Wildcats have been coping with the primary wave. Lieutenant Edward O’Hare and his wingman, Lieutenant (junior grade) Marion Dufilho, have been capable of intercept the bombers a number of miles in need of Lexington, however Dufilho’s weapons jammed earlier than he might hearth a shot. O’Hare was capable of shoot down three G4Ms and harm two others earlier than the bombers have been capable of drop their bombs, none of which struck the wildly maneuvering service. Only three of the G4Ms reached base as these Wildcats and Dauntlesses with sufficient gas pursued and shot down a number of others.[50]
Lae-Salamaua Raid
The process drive modified course after darkish for its rendezvous with the tanker Platte, scheduled for 22 February. One Japanese Aichi E13A "Jake" floatplane succeeded in monitoring the duty drive for a short while after darkish, however six H6Ks launched after midnight have been unable to find the American ships. Brown rendezvoused with Platte and the escorting ANZAC Squadron on schedule and he requested reinforcement by one other service if one other raid on Rabaul was desired.[51] Nimitz promptly responded by ordering Yorktown’s Task Force 17, beneath the command of Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, to rendezvous with Brown north of New Caledonia on 6 March to permit the latter to assault Rabaul. The preliminary plan was to assault from the south within the hope of avoiding Japanese search plane, however this was modified on 8 March when phrase was acquired that Rabaul harbor was empty because the Japanese had invaded Papua New Guinea and all of the transport was anchored off the villages of Lae and Salamaua. The plan was modified to mount the assault from a place within the Gulf of Papua, regardless that this concerned flying over the Owen Stanley Mountains. The two carriers reached their positions on the morning of 10 March and Lexington launched eight Wildcats, 31 Dauntlesses and 13 Devastators. They have been the primary to assault the 16 Japanese ships within the space and sank three transports and broken a number of different ships earlier than Yorktown’s plane arrived quarter-hour later. One Dauntless was shot down by anti-aircraft hearth whereas a Wildcat shot down a Nakajima E8N floatplane. A H6K noticed one service later that afternoon, however the climate had turned unhealthy and the twenty fourth Air Flotilla determined to not assault. Task Force 11 was ordered to return to Pearl and Lexington exchanged six Wildcats, 5 Dauntlesses and one Devastator for 2 Wildcats from Yorktown that wanted overhaul earlier than she left. The process drive arrived at Pearl Harbor on 26 March.[52]
The ship was given a brief refit, throughout which her eight-inch gun turrets have been eliminated and changed by quadruple 1.1-inch (28 mm) anti-aircraft weapons. Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch assumed command of Task Force 11 on 1 April and it was reorganized to include Lexington and the heavy cruisers Minneapolis and New Orleans in addition to seven destroyers. The process drive sortied from Pearl Harbor on 15 April, carrying 14 Buffalos of VMF-211 to be flown off at Palmyra Atoll. After flying off the Marine fighters, the duty drive was ordered to coach with the battleships of Task Force 1 within the neighborhood of Palmyra and Christmas Island. Late on 18 April, the coaching was cancelled as Allied codebreakers had discovered that the Japanese supposed to invade and occupy Port Moresby and Tulagi within the southeastern Solomon Islands (Operation Mo). Therefore, Fitch’s ships, appearing on a command from Nimitz, rendezvoused with TF 17 north of New Caledonia on 1 May, after refueling from the tanker Kaskaskia on 25 April to thwart the Japanese offensive. At this time, Lexington’s air group consisted of 21 Wildcats, 37 Dauntlesses and 12 Devastators.[53]
Battle of the Coral Sea
Main article: Battle of the Coral Sea
Preliminary actions
Both Task Forces wanted to refuel, however TF 17 completed first and Fletcher took Yorktown and her consorts northward towards the Solomon Islands on 2 May. TF 11 was ordered to rendezvous with TF 17 and TF 44, the previous ANZAC Squadron, additional west into the Coral Sea on 4 May.[54] The Japanese opened Operation Mo by occupying Tulagi on 3 May. Alerted by Allied reconnaissance plane, Fletcher determined to assault Japanese transport there the next day. The air strike on Tulagi confirmed that at the least one American service was within the neighborhood, however the Japanese had no thought of its location.[55] They launched a lot of reconnaissance plane the next day to seek for the Americans, however with out outcome. One H6K flying boat noticed Yorktown, however was shot down by one in all Yorktown’s Wildcat fighters earlier than she might radio a report. US Army Air Force (USAAF) plane noticed Shōhō[Note 1] southwest of Bougainville Island on 5 May, however she was too far north to be attacked by the American carriers, which have been refueling.[57] That day, Fletcher acquired Ultra intelligence that positioned the three Japanese carriers recognized to be concerned in Operation Mo close to Bougainville Island, and predicted 10 May because the date of the invasion. It additionally predicted airstrikes by the Japanese carriers in help of the invasion a number of days earlier than 10 May. Based on this data, Fletcher deliberate to finish refueling on 6 May and to maneuver nearer to the japanese tip of New Guinea to be ready to find and assault Japanese forces on 7 May.[58]
Another H6K noticed the Americans throughout the morning of 6 May and efficiently shadowed them till 1400. The Japanese, nevertheless, have been unwilling or unable to launch air strikes in poor climate or with out up to date spot stories.[59] Both sides believed they knew the place the opposite drive was, and anticipated to struggle the following day.[60] The Japanese have been the primary to identify the Americans when one plane discovered the oiler Neosho escorted by the destroyer Sims at 0722, south of the Strike Force. They have been misidentified as a service and a cruiser so the fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku launched an airstrike forty minutes later that sank Sims and broken Neosho badly sufficient that she needed to be scuttled a number of days later. The American carriers have been west of the Japanese carriers, not south, they usually have been noticed by different Japanese plane shortly after the carriers had launched their assault on Neosho and Sims.[61]
American reconnaissance plane reported two Japanese heavy cruisers northeast of Misima Island within the Louisiade Archipelago off the japanese tip of New Guinea at 07:35 and two carriers at 08:15. An hour later Fletcher ordered an airstrike launched, believing that the 2 carriers reported have been Shōkaku and Zuikaku. Lexington and Yorktown launched a complete of 53 Dauntlesses and 22 Devastators escorted by 18 Wildcats. The 08:15 report turned out to be miscoded, because the pilot had supposed to report two heavy cruisers, however USAAF plane had noticed Shōhō, her escorts and the invasion convoy within the meantime. As the newest spot report plotted solely 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) away from the 08:15 report, the plane en route have been diverted to this new goal.[62]
Lexington photographed from a Japanese plane on 8 May after she had already been struck by bombs
Shōhō and the remainder of the Main Force have been noticed by plane from Lexington at 10:40. At this time, Shōhō’s CAP consisted of two Mitsubishi A5M "Claudes" and one Mitsubishi A6M Zero. The dive bombers of VS-2 started their assault at 1110 because the three Japanese fighters attacked the Dauntlesses of their dive. None of the dive bombers hit Shōhō, which was maneuvering to keep away from their bombs; one Dauntless was shot down by the Zero after it had pulled out of its dive; a number of different Dauntlesses have been additionally broken. The service launched three extra Zeros instantly after this assault to bolster its CAP. The Dauntlesses of VB-2 started their assault at 11:18 they usually hit Shōhō twice with 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs. These penetrated the ship’s flight deck and burst inside her hangars, setting the fueled and armed plane there on hearth. A minute later the Devastators of VT-2 started dropping their torpedoes from each side of the ship. They hit Shōhō 5 occasions and the harm from the hits knocked out her steering and energy. In addition, the hits flooded each the engine and boiler rooms. Yorktown’s plane completed the service off and he or she sank at 11:31. After his assault, Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon, commander of VS-2, radioed his well-known message to the American carriers: "Scratch one flat top!"[63]
After Shōkaku and Zuikaku had recovered the plane that had sunk Neosho and Sims, Rear Admiral Chūichi Hara, commander of the fifth Carrier Division, ordered {that a} additional air strike be readied because the American carriers have been believed to have been positioned. The two carriers launched a complete of 12 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers and 15 Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers late that afternoon. The Japanese had mistaken Task Force 44 for Lexington and Yorktown, which have been a lot nearer than anticipated, though they have been alongside the identical bearing. Lexington’s radar noticed one group of 9 B5Ns at 17:47 and half the CAP was directed to intercept them whereas extra Wildcats have been launched to bolster the CAP. The intercepting fighters shocked the Japanese bombers and shot down 5 whereas shedding one in all their very own. One part of the newly launched fighters noticed the remaining group of six B5Ns, capturing down two and badly damaging one other bomber, though one Wildcat was misplaced to unknown causes. Another part noticed and shot down a single D3A. The surviving Japanese leaders cancelled the assault after such heavy losses and all plane jettisoned their bombs and torpedoes. They had nonetheless not noticed the American carriers and turned for their very own ships, utilizing radio path finders to trace the service’s homing beacon. The beacon broadcast on a frequency very near that of the American ships and most of the Japanese plane confused the ships within the darkness. Plenty of them flew proper beside the American ships, flashing sign lights in an effort to verify their identification, however they weren’t initially acknowledged as Japanese as a result of the remaining Wildcats have been making an attempt to land aboard the carriers. Finally they have been acknowledged and fired upon, by each the Wildcats and the anti-aircraft weapons of the duty drive, however they sustained no losses within the confused motion. One Wildcat misplaced radio contact and couldn’t discover both of the American carriers; the pilot was by no means discovered. Only 18 Japanese plane efficiently returned to their carriers, starting at 20:00.[64]
8 May
Lexington burning throughout the Battle of the Coral Sea
On the morning of 8 May, each side noticed one another about the identical time and commenced launching their plane about 09:00. The Japanese carriers launched a complete of 18 Zeros, 33 D3As and 18 B5Ns. Yorktown was the primary American service to launch her plane and Lexington started launching hers seven minutes later. These totaled 9 Wildcats, 15 Dauntlesses and 12 Devastators. Yorktown’s dive bombers disabled Shōkaku’s flight deck with two hits and Lexington’s plane have been solely capable of additional harm her with one other bomb hit. None of the torpedo bombers from both service hit something. The Japanese CAP was efficient and shot down 3 Wildcats and a couple of Dauntlesses for the lack of 2 Zeros.[65]
The Japanese plane noticed the American carriers round 11:05 and the B5Ns attacked first as a result of the D3As needed to circle round to method the carriers from upwind. The CAP shot down three of the torpedo bombers earlier than they might drop their torpedoes, however 11 survived lengthy sufficient to hit Lexington twice on the port facet at 11:20, though 2 of the B5Ns have been shot down by anti-aircraft hearth after dropping their torpedoes. The shock from the primary torpedo hit on the bow jammed each elevators within the up place and began small leaks within the port avgas storage tanks. The second torpedo hit her reverse the bridge, ruptured the first port water essential, and began flooding in three port hearth rooms. The boilers there needed to be shut down, which diminished her pace to a most of 24.5 knots (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph), and the flooding gave her a 6–7° checklist to port. Shortly afterward, Lexington was attacked by 19 D3As. One was shot down by the CAP earlier than it might drop its bomb and one other was shot down by the service. She was hit by two bombs, the primary of which detonated within the port ahead five-inch prepared ammunition locker, killing the whole crew of 1 5-inch AA gun and beginning a number of fires. The second hit struck the funnel, doing little important harm though fragments killed most of the crews of the .50-caliber machine weapons positioned close to there. The hit additionally jammed the ship’s siren within the "on" place. The remaining bombs detonated shut alongside and a few of their fragments pierced the hull, flooding two compartments.[66]
Confirmed direct hits sustained by Lexington throughout the battle
Fuel was pumped from the port storage tanks to the starboard facet to right the checklist and Lexington started recovering broken plane and those who have been low on gas at 11:39. The Japanese had shot down three of Lexington’s Wildcats and 5 Dauntlesses, plus one other Dauntless crashed on touchdown. At 12:43, the ship launched 5 Wildcats to switch the CAP and ready to launch one other 9 Dauntlesses. An enormous explosion at 12:47 was triggered by sparks that ignited gasoline vapors from the cracked port avgas tanks. The explosion killed 25 crewmen and knocked out the principle harm management station. The harm didn’t intervene with flight deck operations, though the refueling system was shut down. The fueled Dauntlesses have been launched and 6 Wildcats that have been low on gas landed aboard. Aircraft from the morning’s air strike started touchdown at 13:22 and all surviving plane had landed by 14:14. The remaining tally was three Wildcats shot down, plus one Wildcat, three Dauntlesses and one Devastator that have been pressured to ditch.[67]
Another critical explosion occurred at 14:42 that began extreme fires within the hangar and blew the ahead elevator 12 inches (300 mm) above the flight deck. Power to the ahead half of the ship failed shortly afterward. Fletcher despatched three destroyers to help, however one other main explosion at 15:25 knocked out water stress within the hangar and compelled the evacuation of the ahead equipment areas. The hearth ultimately pressured the evacuation of all compartments under the waterline at 16:00 and Lexington ultimately drifted to a halt. Evacuation of the wounded started shortly afterward and Sherman ordered "abandon ship" at 17:07. A sequence of enormous explosions started round 18:00 that blew the aft elevator aside and threw plane into the air. Sherman waited till 18:30 to make sure that all of his crewmen have been off the ship earlier than leaving himself. Some 2,770 officers and males have been rescued by the remainder of the duty drive. The destroyer Phelps was ordered to sink the ship and fired a complete of 5 torpedoes between 19:15 and 19:52. Immediately after the final torpedo hit, Lexington, down by the bow however practically on a fair keel lastly sank[68] at 15°20′S 155°30′ECoordinates: 15°20′S 155°30′E.[2] Some 216 crewmen have been killed and a couple of,735 have been evacuated.[69]
Honors and legacy
Lexington acquired two battle stars for her World War II service.[2] She was formally struck from the naval register on 24 June 1942.
In June 1942, shortly after the Navy’s public acknowledgment of the sinking, employees on the Quincy shipyard, the place the ship had been constructed twenty-one years earlier, cabled Navy Secretary Frank Knox and proposed a change within the identify of one of many new Essex-class fleet carriers presently beneath building there to Lexington (from Cabot).[70] Knox agreed to the proposal and the service was renamed because the fifth Lexington on 16 June 1942.[71] On 17 February 1943, her successor was formally commissioned as USS Lexington (CV-16), which served because the flagship of Task Force 58 (TF 58) throughout the Battle of the Philippine Sea and remained in service till 1991.
Beer goggles
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Blogged by Tender Roots ("Party With… Drew Barrymore" – March 15, 2013) at www.tender-roots.com/2013/03/party-with-drew-barrymore.html
Blogged by Geekosystem ("Science Finally Takes First Steps Toward Hangover-Free Beer" by Ian Chant – August 23, 2013) at www.geekosystem.com/hangover-free-beer/
Blogged by Consumerist ("Will No One Think Of The Poor Craft Beers Affected By The Government Shutdown?" by Mary Beth Quirk – October 9, 2013) at consumerist.com/2013/10/09/will-no-one-think-of-the-poor-…
Blogged by Sykes Cottages Blog ("Celebrate Real Ale On An Autumn Short Break" – October 25, 2013) at www.sykescottages.co.uk/blog/cornwall/celebrate-real-ale-…
Blogged by Dallas Observer: City of Ate ("How to Host a Perfect Bottle Share, the Party of Choice for Beer Snobs" by Lauren Drewes Daniels – November 6, 2013) at blogs.dallasobserver.com/cityofate/2013/11/hosting_a_bott…
Blogged by Greateer Greater Washington ("Join us for happy hour in Penn Quarter" by Dan Reed – November 8, 2013) at greatergreaterwashington.org/post/20723/join-us-for-happy…
Blogged by Landscape Management ("High Performance: Best trade show ever" by Phil Harwood – January 27, 2014) at landscapemanagement.web/2014/01/27/best-trade-show-ever/
Used by Outside Online ("The Birkebeiner Nutrition Guide" by Erin Beresini – October 28, 2011) at www.outsideonline.com/fitness/skiing/The-Birkebeiner-Nutr…
Blogged by Consumerist ("Brewers Claim Proposed FDA Animal Feed Rules Would Raise Prices For Beer" by Chris Morran – April 21, 2014) at consumerist.com/2014/04/21/brewers-claim-proposed-fda-ani…
Blogged by Consumerist ("Couple Celebrates Tasting Their 25,000th Beer Together After 35 Years Of Sipping" by Mary Beth Quirk – July 3, 2014) at consumerist.com/2014/07/03/couple-celebrates-tasting-thei…
Blogged by Andrew Flusche ("Is DUI a Felony?" – September 3, 2013) at www.andrewflusche.com/blog/is-dui-a-felony/
Blogged by MinnPost ("Minneapolis council eases alcohol restrictions for some city restaurants" by Peter Callaghan – September 29, 2014) at www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2014/09/minneapolis-coun…
Blogged by Consumerist ("Craft Breweries Run Out Of Good Names, Sue Each Other" by Laura Northrup – January 5, 2015) at consumerist.com/2015/01/05/craft-breweries-run-out-of-goo…
Blogged by Thrillist LA ("THIS WEEKEND’S BEST BEER & COCKTAIL EVENT (ON THE EASTSIDE)" by Jeff Miller – April 23, 2015) at www.thrillist.com/events/los-angeles/silverlake/silver-la…
Blogged by Consumerist ("New Law Brings Happy Hour Back To Illinois Bars — In Moderation" by Mary Beth Quirk – July 15, 2015) at consumerist.com/2015/07/15/new-law-brings-happy-hour-back…
Blogged by Consumerist ("Anheuser-Busch Adds Golden Road Brewing To Its Overstuffed Roster Of Beers" by Ashlee Kieler – September 23, 2015) at consumerist.com/2015/09/23/anheuser-busch-adds-golden-roa…
Blogged by Consumerist ("Big Beer CEOs To Testify In Front Of Congress On The Awesomeness Of Mega-Merger Tuesday" by Ashlee Kieler – December 7, 2015) at consumerist.com/2015/12/07/big-beer-ceos-to-testify-in-fr…
